CLASS 11 – BIOLOGY (Maharashtra Board)

🔹 Unit 1: Diversity in Living Organisms

• 5 kingdoms (Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia)

• Viruses & Viroids

• Classification systems

🔹 Unit 2: Structural Organization in Plants & Animals

Plant Morphology

• Root, stem, leaf

• Inflorescence

• Flower, fruit, seed

Animal Morphology

• Earthworm

• Cockroach

• Frog

🔹 Unit 3: Cell Structure & Function

• Prokaryotic vs eukaryotic cells

• Cell organelles

• Cell cycle & mitosis, meiosis

🔹 Unit 4: Plant Physiology

• Photosynthesis

• Respiration

• Plant growth & hormones

• Transport in plants (xylem & phloem)

🔹 Unit 5: Human Physiology

• Digestion & absorption

• Breathing & respiration

• Blood circulation

• Excretion

• Endocrine system (hormones)

• Nervous system

• Human reproduction

🧬 CLASS 12 – BIOLOGY

🔹 Unit 1: Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction in flowering plants

• Human reproduction

• Menstrual cycle

• Reproductive health

🔹 Unit 2: Genetics & Evolution

• Mendel’s laws

• Genetic disorders

• DNA structure, replication

• RNA, transcription, translation

• Evolution theories

Important Genetics Formula

$$\text{Genotypic ratio (monohybrid)}=1:2:1$$ $$\text{Phenotypic ratio (monohybrid)}=3:1$$

🔹 Unit 3: Biology in Human Welfare

• Microbes in food

• Antibiotics

• Vaccines

• Sewage treatment

• GM crops

🔹 Unit 4: Biotechnology

• Restriction enzymes

• PCR

• Cloning

• Recombinant DNA technology

🔹 Unit 5: Ecology & Environment

• Ecosystem & energy flow

• Food chain & trophic levels

• Biodiversity

• Pollution

• Conservation strategies

🧬 Important Diagrams (Class 11 + 12)

If you want, I can draw each diagram for you.

• Plant cell

• Animal cell

• Mitosis / Meiosis

• Flower structure

• Human heart

• Nephron

• Brain

• DNA double helix

• Human reproductive system

• Photosynthesis cycle

• Nitrogen cycle

🧬 Biology Formula List (Quick)

Biology me formulas kam hote hain, but kuch important hain:

1. Hardy–Weinberg

p2+2pq+q2=1p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1p2+2pq+q2=1

2. Population Density

Density=PopulationArea\text{Density} = \frac{\text{Population}}{\text{Area}}Density=AreaPopulation​

3. Enzyme Reaction Rate

Depends on:

• Temperature

• pH

• Substrate concentration